Instructional design models are based on years of research on how best to present learning materials. There are over one hundred different models, each with their own benefits. However, with the ever changing technology trends nowadays, should we still adopt the existing ID models and how can instructional designers choose the most appropriate model for ID? In order to answer all the above question, in this paper I will discuss in details about some ID models and follow by conclusion.
ID Models
In this paper, I choose two models which are ADDIE and ASSURE to discuss in more details. I choose ADDIE because it is the most classic model of ID and many other models are based on ADDIE original or are variations of the model where as ASSURE is based on the most recent research and is especially useful for designing courses with technology especially for online education. And to dates, there are lots of debates by educators on which is the best model to be applied in 21st century?
ADDIE model was developed since 1960’s and had been adopted since then and according to the literature, over 100 different ISD models today are based on the generic of ADDIE model which are Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. Nowadays, most teachers start to realize that integrating technology into the curriculum is one of the best ways to make a positive difference in education. The ASSURE model which was developed by Heinich, Molenda, Russell, Smaldino (1999) is an instructional model for planning lesson and technology. The ASSURE model contains six steps which are Analyze learners, State Objectives, Select Methods, Media & Materials, Utilize Media & Materials, Require Learner Participation and Evaluate & Revise.
The ADDIE model is designed to analyze, design, develop and evaluate students on the gaps that a student has in one subject or topic. For me, this model is great for finding outcomes of behavior and knowledge of skills. However this model is too linear and does not account for concepts such as social skills and the environment that the learners live in. The ASSURE model helps plan and develop instruction based on the learning environment. This model is more appropriate for the learner and the model develops the most appropriate learning style for his/her environment. In short, ASSURE model take more concern on the selection of materials and Medias based on the learners’ environment instead of development and more towards constructivist theory. So which is the best? In order to find out the answer, I tried to do a Google Scholar search on the latest trend in ID models, and found out that, most of the scholars still using ADDIE as the reference model and made some modification or expand the ADDIE model to fit into today’s learning environment where as for ASSURE, there is not much scholars using or discussing on it.
Erkan et al (2008) refined the ADDIE model for the use in ubiquitous learning environment which they blended the five steps of ADDIE with four hierarchy levels of services which are 1) infrastructures for connectivity and distributed environments, (2) Web-based services, (3) coordination, and (4) pedagogical scenario for mobile learning to make a better model for the use for Ubiquitous learning environment. In addition, with the increasing use of serious game learning and virtual world in education field, Atsusi et al (2010) tried to figure out how to prepare instructional designers for game-based learning and concluded that the ADDIE model explains the process used in games design and in fact many other professions like architecture and performance improvement are using the ADDIE model too. In addition to that, they also mentioned another example from ID that help in design the instructional games lies in Gagne’s (1965) nine events of instruction. They stated that many people often look at these events as a sequential laundry list but good instructional designers should know that these events are recursive and may vary in frequency and sequence throughout the instruction. Gagne specified only that all nine events are present in effective instruction but not how often they occur or whether they occur in a rigid, linear sequence.
Conclusion
In conclusion, with the ever changing technologies in education field, instructional design nowadays, is not only to design the contents of one subject or one topic but instead at the same time it is also designing and developing of the learning environments. I do not think either model is great, however I think a hybrid model between the two or the modification or expansion of both the models like the one mentioned by Atsusi et al (2010) and Erkan et al (2008) would be good for instructional design these days. The kind of model one chooses really depends on what a teacher's outcome is for the learners. Does a teacher simply care about his/her test numbers and scores? Or does the teacher care about the students needs to excel in their own learning environment and their competency and performance and etc.? Besides, instructional designers should also analyze properly the context, target learners, contents, learners’ styles, learners’ characteristic, learning environment, culture background and etc while developing instruction. With the ever changing world, I believe that all ID models just act as a reference for instructional designer and we as instructional designer should apply them base on our knowledge and experience and not just blindly follow what we have learnt from the books or in the class. For me, there is no best ID model to be followed, it all depends on the experience and knowledge of the instructional designers on how he/she could maximized the ID and learning process to enhance the performance and competency of the learners based on different factors and criteria. Nevertheless, the basic knowledge of ID which is the ADDIE model is still important for all instructional designers that are why till now most of the ET scholars still use ADDIE as the base for their instructional design. However, at the same time instructional designers should also be creative and updated to the latest technologies, issues and trends in ET so that they could design the most appropriate instruction to enhance the learners’ performance and competency in 21st century.
References
Atsusi Hirumi, Bob Appelman, Lloyd Rieber, Richard Van Eck. (2010). Preparing Instructional Designers for Game-based Learning: Part 1. TechTrends. 54(3). 27-37
Erkan Tekinarslan, Melih Derya Gürer,Ridvan Kagan Agca.(2008) An Instructional Design Model for Ubiquitous Learning Environments. 8th International Educational Technology Conference of Anadolu University. 98-102.
In this paper, I choose two models which are ADDIE and ASSURE to discuss in more details. I choose ADDIE because it is the most classic model of ID and many other models are based on ADDIE original or are variations of the model where as ASSURE is based on the most recent research and is especially useful for designing courses with technology especially for online education. And to dates, there are lots of debates by educators on which is the best model to be applied in 21st century?
ADDIE model was developed since 1960’s and had been adopted since then and according to the literature, over 100 different ISD models today are based on the generic of ADDIE model which are Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. Nowadays, most teachers start to realize that integrating technology into the curriculum is one of the best ways to make a positive difference in education. The ASSURE model which was developed by Heinich, Molenda, Russell, Smaldino (1999) is an instructional model for planning lesson and technology. The ASSURE model contains six steps which are Analyze learners, State Objectives, Select Methods, Media & Materials, Utilize Media & Materials, Require Learner Participation and Evaluate & Revise.
The ADDIE model is designed to analyze, design, develop and evaluate students on the gaps that a student has in one subject or topic. For me, this model is great for finding outcomes of behavior and knowledge of skills. However this model is too linear and does not account for concepts such as social skills and the environment that the learners live in. The ASSURE model helps plan and develop instruction based on the learning environment. This model is more appropriate for the learner and the model develops the most appropriate learning style for his/her environment. In short, ASSURE model take more concern on the selection of materials and Medias based on the learners’ environment instead of development and more towards constructivist theory. So which is the best? In order to find out the answer, I tried to do a Google Scholar search on the latest trend in ID models, and found out that, most of the scholars still using ADDIE as the reference model and made some modification or expand the ADDIE model to fit into today’s learning environment where as for ASSURE, there is not much scholars using or discussing on it.
Erkan et al (2008) refined the ADDIE model for the use in ubiquitous learning environment which they blended the five steps of ADDIE with four hierarchy levels of services which are 1) infrastructures for connectivity and distributed environments, (2) Web-based services, (3) coordination, and (4) pedagogical scenario for mobile learning to make a better model for the use for Ubiquitous learning environment. In addition, with the increasing use of serious game learning and virtual world in education field, Atsusi et al (2010) tried to figure out how to prepare instructional designers for game-based learning and concluded that the ADDIE model explains the process used in games design and in fact many other professions like architecture and performance improvement are using the ADDIE model too. In addition to that, they also mentioned another example from ID that help in design the instructional games lies in Gagne’s (1965) nine events of instruction. They stated that many people often look at these events as a sequential laundry list but good instructional designers should know that these events are recursive and may vary in frequency and sequence throughout the instruction. Gagne specified only that all nine events are present in effective instruction but not how often they occur or whether they occur in a rigid, linear sequence.
Conclusion
In conclusion, with the ever changing technologies in education field, instructional design nowadays, is not only to design the contents of one subject or one topic but instead at the same time it is also designing and developing of the learning environments. I do not think either model is great, however I think a hybrid model between the two or the modification or expansion of both the models like the one mentioned by Atsusi et al (2010) and Erkan et al (2008) would be good for instructional design these days. The kind of model one chooses really depends on what a teacher's outcome is for the learners. Does a teacher simply care about his/her test numbers and scores? Or does the teacher care about the students needs to excel in their own learning environment and their competency and performance and etc.? Besides, instructional designers should also analyze properly the context, target learners, contents, learners’ styles, learners’ characteristic, learning environment, culture background and etc while developing instruction. With the ever changing world, I believe that all ID models just act as a reference for instructional designer and we as instructional designer should apply them base on our knowledge and experience and not just blindly follow what we have learnt from the books or in the class. For me, there is no best ID model to be followed, it all depends on the experience and knowledge of the instructional designers on how he/she could maximized the ID and learning process to enhance the performance and competency of the learners based on different factors and criteria. Nevertheless, the basic knowledge of ID which is the ADDIE model is still important for all instructional designers that are why till now most of the ET scholars still use ADDIE as the base for their instructional design. However, at the same time instructional designers should also be creative and updated to the latest technologies, issues and trends in ET so that they could design the most appropriate instruction to enhance the learners’ performance and competency in 21st century.
References
Atsusi Hirumi, Bob Appelman, Lloyd Rieber, Richard Van Eck. (2010). Preparing Instructional Designers for Game-based Learning: Part 1. TechTrends. 54(3). 27-37
Erkan Tekinarslan, Melih Derya Gürer,Ridvan Kagan Agca.(2008) An Instructional Design Model for Ubiquitous Learning Environments. 8th International Educational Technology Conference of Anadolu University. 98-102.
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